TNF and Alzheimer disease: It has been reported that Sinomenium can inhibit the production of NO, IL-6, IL-18, IL-1β, TNF-α, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in primary cultured human astrocytes and mouse C8D1A astrocytic cell lines and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), which was induced by oligomeric Aβ-mediated reactive astrocytes in the brain of patients with AD (Singh et al., 2020).