TNF and diabetes mellitus: Co-incidence of pulmonary TB with pre-diabetes causes elevated type-I, type-II, and Th17 cytokine responses with higher circulating levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), IFN-β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-5, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-10, IL-1β, IFN-β, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), however, no significant correlation was observed between Mtb bacterial burden and cytokine levels (Kumar et al., 2014).