Through KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of transcriptome sequencing data of pancreatic cancer from TCGA database (n = 146), we found specific oncogenic signaling pathways significantly enriched as well as PD-L1 expression and PD-1 checkpoint pathway in samples of PDAC complicated with diabetes (n = 38) (Fig. 1A). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and familial pancreatic carcinoma.