PDPN and neoplasm: As shown in Fig. 2e, f, tumor regions classified as “MESlike” showed high mRNA expression levels of the MES-related signatures, such as COL4A1, PDPN. In addition, regions classified as “MES-hypoxia” aligned with the expression of HIF1A. Similarly, regions classified as “NPC-like” and “OPC-like” were associated with the expression of SNAP25 and OLIG2, respectively.