HMGB1 and Parkinson disease: In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that silencing of HMGB1 or S100B reduced neuroinflammation and attenuated neurodegenerative diseases.336,337 RAGEs receptor was also highly expressed in PD patients,338 and RAGE gene polymorphisms were associated with sporadic PD in the Chinese Han population.339 Deficiency of RAGE improved the survival of dopaminergic neurons in an MPTP-induced PD mouse model.337,340 The RAGE pathway is also involved in the pathogenesis of ALS.