PRKN and Parkinson disease: Multiple studies have revealed that loss of PRKN and PINK1 dysregulated mitophagy and increased mitochondria stress, leading to mito-inflammation,267 which was recently suggested to be involved in PD pathology in PINK1 and PRKN deficient mice.268 In addition to mito-inflammation, both PRKN and PINK1 have been implicated in adaptive immunity through repressing mitochondrial antigens presentation.