During the last two decades, miRNAs have been identified as systemically controlling β-cell development, identity preservation, survival, and function, and to play an important role in its malfunction and apoptotic death in T2D, as well as to affect insulin synthesis and secretion both in human islets and in animal models (Figure 3) [267,268,269,270,271,272]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus.