TNF and infectious disease: The authors found no relevant effects on cytokine profiles [transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)1, TGF-β2, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), or interleukin2 (IL-2)] or on monitored infections (gastroenteritis, upper respiratory infections, otitis media) in infants living in a context with a low burden of infectious diseases [29].