TLR4 and colitis: Our previous study reported that LBP-3 (arabinogalactan type) could significantly decrease the abundance of Proteobacteria in DSS-induced colitis mice, especially the pro-inflammatory Enterobacteriaceae, and inhibited the activation of TLR4-MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways, thereby reducing levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α [78].