PAPPA and neoplasm: Patients with LUSC showing high expression of FOSB+ tumor cell-associated genes (FSTL3 and VTN), NEAT1+ tumor cell-associated genes (PAPPA, CCN1, and RRAD), and XIST+ tumor cell-associated genes (GPRIN3) exhibited lower overall survival (P < 0.05) than those with low expression, whereas patients with LUSC showing high expression of NNMT+ tumor cell-associated genes (ERH) exhibited higher overall survival (P < 0.05, Additional file 1: Fig. S10C) than those with low expression.