In contrast to the results from animal models and the effects of exogenous GIP, GLP-1, both at a physiological dose (leading to plasma concentrations similar to those observed with nutrient stimulation) and at a threefold higher, more ‘pharmacological’ dose, augmented the insulin secretory response in individuals with type 2 diabetes (Fig. 3a; [22]). Here, GLP1R is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.