Notably, GAL was revealed to exert significant anti-inflammatory effects by downregulating pro-inflammatory signals in RA model slowing the destruction of the joints (Bartikoski et al. 2021; Gowayed et al. 2015), in a model of endotoxemia through reducing TNF-α (Pavlov et al. 2009), in a colitis model through reducing NF-κB, TNF-α, and RAGE while increasing IL-10 (Wazea et al. 2018), and in a model of Alzheimer's by reducing NF-κB (Joseph et al. 2020). Here, TNF is linked to serum lipopolysaccharide activity.