HAMP and anemia (phenotype): For example, it has been demonstrated in one observational study in HFrEF patients that although circulating hepcidin predicted worse prognosis in study participants, the highest levels of this peptide were measured in less advanced stages of the disease (when ID is yet less prevalent) and neither greater hepcidin correlated with higher pro-inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, IL-6), nor it was clearly related to anemia status [33].