MAPK1 and limb ischemia: The unilateral hindlimb ischemia mouse model treated with 2HP-β-CD increased the expression of VEGF-A, PDGF-BB, and transforming growth factor-1 (TGF-1) in ischemic muscle; stimulated protein kinase B and ERK; improved eNOS phosphorylation in ischemic muscle; increased ischemic muscle microvascular density; promoted blood flow recovery; and stimulated smooth muscle cell coverage of blood and stabilized blood vessels (Qi et al., 2015), providing a basis for functional recovery in patients with limb ischemia.