In lignin biosynthesis, the expression of one cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) gene (Os04g0229100) and one cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) gene (Os02g0811600) was up-regulated exclusively in BPH30T plants (Figure 8), suggesting the lignified cell wall plays a key role in mediating the BPH resistance conferred by Bph30; these findings are consistent with the results of our previous study (Shi et al., 2021). Here, CAD is linked to benign prostatic hyperplasia.