CHAT and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Sirius red staining showed a marked increase in cardiac fibrosis in the T1DM heart at both early and late time points (8.3 ± 0.96 and 22.8 ± 3.54-fold increase at 4- and 16-weeks respectively after STZ injection compared to ND, Fig. 3A-C& Supplemental Fig. 9), which was significantly prevented in the diabetic ChAT-TG heart (0.97 ± 0.003 and 1.62 ± 0.007-fold decrease at 4-, and 16-weeks respectively after STZ injection, Fig. 3A&B).