The higher HOMA-IR values coupled with lowered HOMA-β values in HFD-fed mice suggest hepatic insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction with HFD feeding, while the improved HOMA-β scores with unchanged HOMA-IR values in the LFD-AR mice suggest a disconnect between insulin secretion and glucose metabolism as seen in our previous studies (11, 36). Here, INS is linked to Insulin resistance.