BDNF and chronic kidney disease: Furthermore, BDNF regulates blood insulin levels (Yang et al., 2019; Fulgenzi et al., 2020), and BDNF signaling is important in kidney development (García-Suárez et al., 2006; Endlich et al., 2018) and serves as a potential marker for chronic kidney disease (Afsar and Afsar, 2022).