Recent research has shown that excessive TGF-β supports the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and excessive ECM formation, and it also leads to a variety of biochemical anomalies and malfunctions, including fibrosis, immune failure, and cancers (Chakravarthy et al., 2018, Su et al., 2020, Liu et al., 2021, Qayoom et al., 2023. Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.