One potential strategy is combining ICIs with other immune modulators, such as cytokines, toll-like receptor agonists, checkpoint inhibitors, or other chemo or radiotherapy modalities [27]. Another area of research is the identification of potential biomarkers other than PD-L1, such as tumor mutation burden, gut microbiome, and microsatellite instability that can predict the response to ICIs in bladder cancer [28]. Here, CD274 is linked to urinary bladder carcinoma.