The muscle bundles of remodelled left atrial can become disordered on interconnections, leading to a shortened left atrial refractory period, unidirectional conduction block and reentry phenomena, and ultimately triggering AF; (ii) neurohumoral mechanisms: Under the condition of hypertension, both the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and the sympathetic nervous system tend to be over-activated. Here, REN is linked to atrial fibrillation.