In a study that examined the effects of apelin-13 on inflammation caused by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats, it was shown that treatment with apelin-13 at the beginning of reperfusion decreased the expression of inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (82). Here, APLN is linked to brain ischemia.