For example, miR-138-5p-overexpressing stem cell-derived EVs prevented apoptosis of astrocytes following ischemic stroke by targeting lipocalin 2 (Deng et al., 2019), and miR-146a overexpressing stem cell-derived EVs reduced inflammation by damaged astrocytes in a rat model of diabetes (Kubota et al., 2018) and transfer of miR-133b from stem cell-derived EVs into astrocytes reduced glial scar formation in a stroke model (Xin et al., 2013). Here, LCN2 is linked to ischemic stroke.