However, there are varying opinions on its prognostic value in assessing patients with this disease, and higher levels of AFP have been shown to be a negative factor impacting the prognosis of HCC-NCL (Yen et al. 2021; Gawrieh et al. 2019; Yip et al. 2013; Penzkofer et al. 2022). Here, AFP is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.