To explore the effect of butyrate on retinal microglia, whole retina staining of Iba1 was performed after butyrate supplementation for 12 weeks and is shown in Fig. 3A. We found that whole retina staining showed microglial activation, including increasing the cell number, branches, junctions, and triple points in the T1D group compared with the control group. Here, AIF1 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.