The results of subcutaneous tumor grafts in nude mice showed that knockout of PD-L1 significantly inhibited the promotion effect of EFEMP2 overexpression on the growth of subcutaneous transplanted tumors; however, overexpression of PD-L1 restored the growth of subcutaneous transplanted tumors inhibited by EFEMP2 knockout (Fig. 8e, f and Additional file 1: Table S21). Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.