INS and diabetes mellitus: As can be deduced from the information in Table 1, bioplatforms constructed in disposable, paper-based, flexible and wearable formats have been reported for the rapid and reliable single or simultaneous determination of biomolecules, such as β-hydroxybutyrate (HB), cholesterol, glucose, insulin, phenylalanine, cortisol, and ferritin which are of clinical relevance in prevalent diseases such as diabetes mellitus (DM), diabetic ketoacidosis (DK), diabetic ketosis acid (DKA), phenylketonuria, anemia, and cardiovascular diseases.