Following on from reports that elevated plasma levels of the human nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) NM23-H1 are associated with poor prognosis in AML [20–22], we and others demonstrated that exogenous NM23-H1 indirectly promotes AML blast cell survival via the induction of inflammatory cytokines including IL-β [23–25]. This evidence concerns the gene NME1 and acute myeloid leukemia.