BRAF and thyroid gland papillary carcinoma: BRAF V600E mutations, common in melanomas and papillary thyroid cancers, in approximately 50% of tumour specimens, occur with much lower frequency (typically <5%) across a variety of other cancer types, including colorectal carcinoma, glioma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma and several hematologic malignancies [16].