We also found that CARD8 KO THP-1 cells complemented with chimpanzee CARD8 restored responsiveness to VbP but not to HIV-1LAI infection, whereas chimpanzee CARD8 L60F (i.e. chimpanzee CARD8 with the phenylalanine at residue 60 as in human CARD8) is cleaved by HIV-1PR and SIVcpzPR (Figure 5—figure supplement 1), and can functionally complement human CARD8 responses to HIV-1 infection (Figure 5D–F). Here, CARD8 is linked to HIV-1 infection.