CARD8 and HIV-1 infection: It is also possible that IL-1β release after HIV-1-dependent CARD8 activation after HIV-1 infection could contribute to pathogenesis since IL-1β induces the differentiation of Th17 cells (Chung et al., 2009), a highly HIV-susceptible CD4+ T cell subtype, as well as the recruitment of other target immune cells (Rider et al., 2011).