CARD8 and glycogen storage disease VI: Our findings that several TLR agonists effectively prime CARD8 inflammasome responses (Figure 3B and C) suggest that HIV-1 pathogen-associated molecular patterns (i.e. viral nucleic acids) and/or circulating microbial ligands from gut epithelial breakdown, a hallmark of acute HIV-1 disease (Sandler and Douek, 2012), are potential sources for priming of HIV-1 target cells in vivo.