16,22,58 In addition, several studies have implicated IL-8 in the progression of various types of cancer,59–63 including CRC.64,65 CNF1 has pro-inflammatory activity in acute infections, such as urinary tract infections.66 In contrast, it may also counteract the overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-8 during chronic colonization, as reported by Loizzo et al. in the context of the chronic inflammation associated with Alzheimer’s disease.67 Therefore, the impact of CNF1 on colibactin-induced tumorigenesis can be explained in the context of the tissue organization field theory. Here, CXCL8 is linked to early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.