Recent studies have shown that TGF-β1 aggravates the progression of cholangiocarcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo by activating the integrin beta-1 (ITGB1)-dependent PPARγ signalling pathway 32, and TGF-β upregulates lncRNA UCA1 to promote resistance of breast cancer cells to doxorubicin 33. Here, UCA1 is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.