TNF and cancer: Furthermore, GSEA of differentially expressed genes ranked by the log2-transformed fold change between HRA and LRA samples revealed significantly enriched hallmarks of malignant tumors in HRA samples to include interferon gamma-mediated signaling pathway, inflammatory response, positive regulation of the JAK–STAT cascade, positive regulation of NIK/NF-kappa B signaling, and the tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process.