For example, patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and so on often obtained lower OS and PFS if they were given antibiotics prior to anti-programmed cell death ligand-1 mAb monotherapy or combination therapy (Derosa et al., 2018; Schett et al., 2020; Ochi et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and hepatocellular carcinoma.