PPARA and Hepatic fibrosis: FXR regulates many downstream signals, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), Activation of FXR inhibits the progression of liver fibrosis, FXR ligands induce PPARγ gene expression in human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), upregulates PPARγ mRNA in HSC and murine liver fibrosis models, and prevents downregulation of PPARγ caused by liver disease, PPARγ ligands inhibit HSC activation and enhanced antifibrotic activity (Pineda Torra et al., 2003; Fiorucci et al., 2005).