TNF and Respiratory distress: Furthermore, higher plasma levels of IL-6 (Abboud et al., 2016), IL-1β (Di Battista et al., 2016), IL-8 (Abboud et al., 2016; Di Battista et al., 2016), CCL2 (Di Battista et al., 2016), (among other markers such as TNF-α (Rodney et al., 2018)) and IL-6 (Maier et al., 2007) were also associated with post-TBI mortality, whereas higher levels of IL-6 (Woiciechowsky et al., 2002; Aisiku et al., 2016) and IL-8 (Aisiku et al., 2016) were associated with respiratory distress in TBI patients.