Shapiro-Wilk's normality test indicated that participants' age, initial GCS, imaging outcomes (HCC Ktrans, NAB Ktrans, and HCC/NAB Ktrans ratio) and most inflammation markers (except IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, PDGF-BB, CCL4, CCL5, and TNF-α) did not follow a Gaussian distribution (Table 1). Here, CCL5 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.