Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of upregulated proteins showed that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathway, and the human papillomavirus infection signal transduction pathway were three main signal transduction pathways affected by Fra-1 (Fig. 4B). Here, FOSL1 is linked to human papilloma virus infection.