INS and diabetes mellitus: β-cell cAMP is essential for normal cellular function, and impaired β-cell cAMP levels in diabetes pathology have been attributed to alterations in receptor regulated Gαs activity.26,42–47 In this study, we demonstrate a robust increase in cytoplasmic β-cell cAMP and insulin secretion in islets from NGOB mice as compared to wild-type, lean controls that is lost in islets from HGOB mice.