Immunohistochemical staining on glial marker GFAP, cell proliferation (Ki67), intermediate neurofilament vimentin (VMT), tumor suppressor gene p53 and micro blood vessels with Von Willebrand factor (VWF), and tumor cell mitochondria (MT) revealed a broadly similar pattern of staining positivity between PDOX tumors and their originating patient tumors (Fig. 1b; Additional file 1: Fig. S1). Here, VWF is linked to neoplasm.