CTLA4 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: In NSCLC cells, anti‐CTLA-4 antibody was able to induce PD‐L1 expression and to promote NSCLC cell proliferation and tumor growth in the absence of adaptive immunity, suggesting that tumor cell‐intrinsic CTLA-4 can regulate PD‐L1 expression and cell proliferation in cancer cells [36].