In addition, combination of mucin 1 (MUC1) mRNA nanovaccines with anti-CTLA-4 has also demonstrated enhanced antitumor effects against triple-negative breast cancer by improving the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and increasing CD8 + T cells, IFN-γ, and IL-12 levels [121]. Here, MUC1 is linked to neoplasm.