Through ZnPP-induced PDT and RGDyK-induced PD-L1 blockade, Z@M-R nanoparticles increased CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell proliferation and exhibited significant immunotherapeutic effects owing to the increased infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (more than 30 times compared to saline controls) in the tumor tissues of NSCLC-SM models (Fig. 3C,D) [58]. Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.