IGF1 and malnutrition: Alterations in the growth hormone (GH)–insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) axis and IGF1/GH downstream signaling through malnutrition, insulin, and thyroid hormone deficiency in INC [1, 43–45] might further hinder skeletal muscle growth [46] and bone development [47], as well as the transition between infantile and childhood developmental phases, which is the main timeframe for changes in ribcage geometry [37, 48, 49].