In 2019, a phase 3 ACE trial showed that HDAC1/2/3/10 inhibitor chidamide plus exemestane (an aromatase inhibitor) significantly improved progression-free survival of advanced ER+ breast cancer patients compared with exemestane monotherapy, highlighting the clinical efficiency of class I and II HDAC inhibitors in overcoming aromatase inhibitor resistance of breast cancer22. Here, HDAC9 is linked to breast carcinoma.