This historical model included on-treatment tumor growth constant (KG) and independent prognostic factors such as baseline albumin (ALB), C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG), race (Asian vs. non-Asian), presence of liver metastases, and PD-L1 expression (IC or TC > 0). Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.