PDCD1 and neoplasm: Thus, PD‐1‐MM@PLGA/RAPA significantly increased the proportion of tumor‐infiltrating CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, increased the expression levels of cytokines TNFα, IFNγ, and interleukin (IL)‐2, and improved the immunosuppressive microenvironment compared to other groups (Figure 5E,F).[32] Furthermore, PD‐1 was expressed on the surface of macrophage cell membranes, and the derived GCMNs played a significant curative effect.