INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: While 5 mg kg−1 SENDs almost reversed the glucose tolerance curve back to normal and decreased the IPGTT area under curve (AUC) by 32.8% compared to the T2DM group, which was better than metformin (decreased by 15.3%) (Figure 3D), demonstrated that stabilization of blood glucose levels by SENDs was likely to be associated with stimulation of insulin secretion.