ATF4 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: As shown in Figure 7E–I, mRNAs expression of Bip, PERK, eIF‐2α, ATF4, and CHOP were all increased in the islet tissues of T2DM mice, and SENDs greatly reduced expression of these genes by 46.1%, 14.7%, 54.7%, 54.6%, 43.4% (5 mg kg−1).