Study reports on the localization of survivin are controversial; a study by Chiao-Ying Lin et al. observed cytoplasmic expression of survivin in the areca nut chewing Taiwan population, and nuclear survivin expression was shown to be associated with poor prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer and esophageal squamous cell cancer [93,94]. Here, BIRC5 is linked to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.