CASP3 and neoplasm: In the group injected with PBS, some upregulation of apoptosis was observed as well when comparing the caspase-3-positive fraction of the irradiated tumour with the non-irradiated tumour (n = 5, 0.23 ± 0.15 vs. 0.029 ± 0.012); however, this effect was less apparent than for the minibody-treated group (p = 0.0432 when comparing the MB and PBS light-exposed groups, Figure 3B and Figure S6).