PTX3 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Many studies have identified PTX3 promoting increased cancer cells proliferation and migration, as well as decreased cancer cell apoptosis across different types of cancers, such as esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, lymphomas, leukemias, glioblastomas, and renal and prostate cancers [134,174,175,176,177,178,179,180].