TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: In NASH, TNF-α provokes the release of a variety of pro-inflammatory mediators, including, but not limited to IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, C–C motif chemokine 5 (CCL5), resulting in a massive activation of the immune response [21].